Project HUNTER

Audio readout of this entry.

Background

The Federal Bureau of Investigation's interest in mail interception predated the 1959 launch of Project HUNTER by several decades. The Bureau had conducted limited mail-cover operations — recording envelope metadata without opening the sealed envelope — under successive Directors since the 1920s; Bureau vocabulary distinguished mail covers (permissible without judicial process under prevailing postal regulations) from mail openings (illegal under federal mail-tampering statutes 18 USC §§ 1701–1703). Between 1940 and the 1959 launch of HUNTER, the Bureau had operated several smaller mail-opening programmes — initially in cooperation with the Office of Strategic Services during the Second World War, and later with the Central Intelligence Group and Central Intelligence Agency under bilateral arrangements. The Church Committee's later reconstruction identified eight separate FBI mail-opening programmes operating between 1940 and 1966.¹

Project HUNTER was the longest-running and operationally largest of these. The rationale at the programme's 1959 launch was the Bureau's counter-intelligence responsibility — under the 1947 division between FBI (domestic counter-intelligence) and CIA (foreign intelligence) — for monitoring Soviet and Soviet-bloc diplomatic activity within the United States. The Bureau's position was that interception of Soviet diplomatic mail at US postal facilities fell within its statutory counter-intelligence authority, though the legal architecture was closer to the contested position CIA had taken on HTLINGUAL than the public record at the time acknowledged.²

The Programme

HUNTER operated principally at the international-mail-routing facility in New York City, with a secondary operation at the diplomatic-mail handling facility in Washington, D.C. The operational unit was a small FBI counter-intelligence team augmented by Post Office Department cooperating personnel; the methodology mirrored HTLINGUAL's: identification of candidate diplomatic envelopes from the mail stream, laboratory opening under controlled conditions using envelope-reopening techniques developed by FBI's Laboratory Division, photographing of contents, and resealing for return to the mail stream.³

The initial targeting at HUNTER's 1959 launch was Soviet diplomatic mail — chiefly correspondence between the Soviet embassy in Washington, D.C., the Soviet UN delegation in New York, and Soviet ministerial and intelligence-service correspondents in the USSR and elsewhere. Over the programme's lifetime the targeting expanded to include diplomatic mail of additional Soviet-bloc establishments (the embassies of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria), Chinese diplomatic establishments, and a selected list of US-citizen names whose correspondence with Soviet-bloc establishments was of FBI counter-intelligence interest. The Church Committee's later reconstruction identified more than ten thousand pieces of mail opened over the programme's lifetime, with the product distributed within FBI and to CIA via the inter-agency liaison framework.⁴

Cooperation with CIA's HTLINGUAL programme operated bidirectionally throughout HUNTER's lifetime. FBI received substantial HTLINGUAL product across HTLINGUAL's full lifetime, with most of it transferring during HUNTER's parallel operational period 1959–1966. CIA correspondingly received HUNTER product on US-citizen correspondents with Soviet-bloc establishments. The cooperation was not formally documented at the inter-agency level but operated through working-level liaison between FBI's Domestic Intelligence Division (under Alan Belmont and, from 1961, William C. Sullivan) and CIA's Counter-Intelligence Staff under James Angleton.⁵

Termination

In 1966 J. Edgar Hoover terminated HUNTER and the FBI's other ongoing mail-opening programmes. The proximate trigger was an internal legal-risk review — convened on the Bureau's concerns about exposure if the cooperation became publicly known — at which Bureau counsel reviewed the federal mail-tampering statutes (18 USC §§ 1701–1703) and the Postal Service regulations under which the cooperation had operated. Hoover, who had at multiple prior junctures in his career taken positions that exposed the Bureau to greater legal risk than this review now signalled, on this occasion terminated the programmes.⁶

The 1966 termination did not, however, mean the Bureau ceased to receive mail-interception product. FBI continued to receive substantial HTLINGUAL product from CIA during the 1966–1973 period of HTLINGUAL's continued operation, by the Church Committee's later reconstruction, which the Bureau used in counter-intelligence operations and which replaced the operational intelligence yield HUNTER had previously produced. Under the post-1966 arrangement, CIA performed the legally-vulnerable mail-opening activity and shared product with FBI, while FBI itself no longer conducted the activity directly. The risk of disclosure remained, but the Bureau's direct exposure was reduced relative to the pre-1966 architecture.⁷

Disclosure

The unwinding of HUNTER and the FBI's broader mail-opening history followed the same arc as HTLINGUAL — though delayed by the seven-year gap between HUNTER's 1966 termination and HTLINGUAL's 1973 termination. The Senate Church Committee's reconstruction of mail-opening activity, undertaken from January 1975, addressed both the CIA and FBI programmes; the FBI mail-opening sections of Church Committee Book III (April 1976) provide the most comprehensive public-record account of HUNTER and of the seven other FBI mail-opening programmes the committee documented.

The Bureau's cooperation with the Church Committee's mail-opening investigation was markedly more constrained than CIA's cooperation with the same investigation. The Bureau's records on HUNTER and the other programmes were partially destroyed at multiple points between 1966 and 1975; the documentary record on which the committee's reconstruction largely rested was a combination of partially-surviving FBI records, FBI personnel interviews conducted by committee staff, and the FBI side of the CIA-FBI liaison record that CIA's better-preserved records had retained.⁸

Legacy

HUNTER is the principal FBI mail-opening programme of the Cold War period and the most fully documented of the eight separate FBI programmes the Church Committee identified. The programme sits within the broader cluster of mass-collection and watchlist programmes the committee documented: HTLINGUAL (the parallel CIA mail-opening programme that continued operation for seven years after HUNTER's 1966 termination, and from which FBI continued to receive product); CHAOS (the CIA domestic-surveillance umbrella into which HTLINGUAL product fed during the Vietnam-era period); Project SHAMROCK (the 1945–1975 NSA-and-predecessor cable-traffic collection programme); Project MINARET (the 1967–1973 NSA watchlist programme); COINTELPRO (the FBI counter-intelligence-and-disruption programmes of 1956–1971 that ran in parallel with HUNTER under the same Bureau architecture); and MKUltra (the CIA's 1953–1973 human-experimentation programme).

The consequences of the Church Committee's findings on HUNTER and the broader FBI mail-opening history include the same post-1976 framework that addressed HTLINGUAL — Executive Orders 11905, 12036, and 12333; the 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act; and the 1976–1977 establishment of standing Congressional intelligence-oversight committees (Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, established by S. Res. 400 on 19 May 1976; House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, established by H. Res. 658 on 14 July 1977) — and the settled position that mail interception of US persons requires statutory authority and judicial process. No criminal prosecutions followed the Church Committee's findings on HUNTER; the cost, as with HTLINGUAL and CHAOS, was reputational rather than legal.

Related agencies

The programme is documented in detail on the agency page of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Inter-agency liaison and product exchange with CIA is documented on the agency page of the Central Intelligence Agency. The country-level context is the United States.

Sources & Further Reading

1. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee), Final Report, Book III, "Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans" (April 1976), FBI mail-opening sections; Athan G. Theoharis, Spying on Americans: Political Surveillance from Hoover to the Huston Plan (Temple University Press, 1978); Athan G. Theoharis (ed.), The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide (Oryx Press, 1999).
2. Church Committee Book III, op. cit., FBI mail-opening sections; Tim Weiner, Enemies: A History of the FBI (Random House, 2012), chapters on the Cold War counter-intelligence framework; Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets (Norton, 1991).
3. Church Committee Book III, op. cit.; Hearings Before the Select Committee, Volume 4 — Mail Opening (October 1975), FBI testimony.
4. Church Committee Book III, op. cit., for the operational-scale reconstruction from surviving FBI records and Post Office Department cooperation records.
5. Church Committee Book III, op. cit., section on inter-agency mail-opening liaison; CIA Family Jewels memorandum, HTLINGUAL section (declassified 2007).
6. Church Committee Book III, op. cit., section on the 1966 FBI mail-opening termination; Weiner, Enemies, op. cit.
7. Church Committee Book III, op. cit.; CIA Family Jewels memorandum, op. cit.
8. Church Committee Book III, op. cit.; Theoharis, Spying on Americans, op. cit.; Weiner, Enemies, op. cit.