MASINT
Measurement and Signature Intelligence — technical-signature collection that identifies what something is
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MASINT — measurement and signature intelligence — is intelligence derived from the technical signatures of objects, events, and emissions, distinct from imagery (which depicts what something looks like) and signals intelligence (which captures what is communicated). The category includes acoustic and seismic intelligence (the basis for nuclear-test detection), nuclear and radiological collection, chemical and biological signature analysis, radar intelligence, electro-optical intelligence, and a number of more specialised disciplines.
The discipline is less publicly visible than SIGINT or IMINT and was not formally consolidated as a category until the 1980s, but the underlying activities are old. The detection of Soviet nuclear tests by what is now the Air Force Technical Applications Center has continuously monitored seismic, hydroacoustic, and atmospheric signatures since 1947. The first Soviet test, Joe-1 in August 1949, was detected by atmospheric collection well before the Soviet announcement.
MASINT is the discipline that produces attribution in cases where an event has occurred but the responsible party is contested. The Salisbury attack of March 2018 and the Vrbětice munitions-depot explosions of 2014 — both attributed to the GRU's Unit 29155 — relied on chemical-signature analysis: the Novichok agent identified by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory at Porton Down and confirmed by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and the technical analysis of what was destroyed at Vrbětice and how. The Stuxnet investigation similarly drew on physical-signature analysis of damaged centrifuges in addition to the malware reverse-engineering work.
The institutional landscape is fragmented. The Defense Intelligence Agency holds nominal responsibility for US MASINT; in practice the discipline is distributed across military commands, the energy and homeland security departments, and the various technical laboratories that develop signatures and conduct analysis. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation runs an international monitoring system that has been a public-record source for nuclear-test detection since the 1990s.